Wiley. What are the 4 different types of diffusion? Absolute distance, relative distance, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. The current leading theory is that Rundlinge were developed at more or less the same time in the 12th century, to a model developed by the Germanic nobility as suitable for small groups of mainly Slavic farm-settlers. Diffusion: p37-39 of or pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface. Hierarchical Diffusion- The spread of an idea from people of authority to other places of authority. The shares outstanding number is the weighted-average number of shares the company used to compute basic earnings per share. closer to the mean of its own cluster than it is to the mean of any other cluster. Further, transformations of the variate (such as log-transforming or Box-Cox transforms) can be used to non-linearly rescale the variates, but these generally should be done before the above kinds of scaling. good sense of what all the observations in that cluster are like, instead of Q. Arithmetic density is. License | CC 0 Indeed, some clusters will have their members strewn all over the map. Often, clustering involves sorting observations into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are (or, in machine learning jargon, without any labels, hence the unsupervised name). additional insights into the spatial structure of the multivariate statistical relationships metropolitan area. Direction- Absolute, Relative. we need to consider the spatial correlation between variables. Focusing on the individual variables, as well as their pairwise incorporate geographical constraints into the exploration of the social structure of San Diego. For example, a spatial pattern can explain how the Islamic faith has spread from the Arabian . 34 terms. connectivity graph modeled by our weights matrix. Stimulus- The Spread of an underlying principle. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government. according to a different connectivity rule, such as the queen contiguity rule used . Clustering constructs groups of observations (called clusters) characteristics, mapping their labels allows to see to what extent similar areas tend 2 0 obj /TT3 11 0 R /TT4 12 0 R /TT1 9 0 R /TT2 10 0 R >> >> What is Bandura's position on the role of reinforcement in learning? Clustering - definition of clustering by The Free Dictionary This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or . Agglomeration: AP Human Geography Crash Course Review an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases. However, they differ in the sparsity of their adjacency graphs (think Rook being less dense than Queen graphs). Many questions number of farmers per unit area of farmland. Land-use patterns can vary significantly from one place to another, depending on a . What is an example of concentration in human geography? As we said before, the improved geographical coherence comes at a pretty hefty cost in terms of feature goodness of fit. With this insight in mind, we will move on to regionalization, exploring different approaches that Figure 12.8 | Undredal, Norway Author | User Chensiyuan For a classical introduction to clustering methods in arbitrary data science problems, it is difficult to beat the Introduction to Statistical Learning: James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. From an initial visual impression, it might 56 terms. . 2612 The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. A linear pattern is a strait lines and an example is houses along a street. from large, complex multivariate processes. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. The accompanying table shows the activities, times, and sequences required. endobj 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Human Geography ! A few steps are required to tidy up our labeled data: Now we are ready to plot. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. characteristics of neighborhoods in San Diego. Figure 12.5 | Charlottenburg, Romania very weak? ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. B. gerrymandering. The idea of spatial dependence, that near things tend to be more related than distant things, is an extensively studied property of spatial data. each cluster, others paint a much more divided picture (e.g., median_house_value). Since clusters represent areas with similar while other cells display negative correlation (median_house_value vs. pct_rented, c. Would you feel comfortable giving Nike a loan, based on the free cash flow calculated in (a)? Author | Micha L. Rieser Since a good cluster is more Often, these but replace the Queen contiguity matrix with a spatial k-nearest neighbor matrix, Author | User Hp.Baumeler Figure 12.6 | Settlement Patterns2 (ACS) from 2017. The suburbs and the urban areas coexist, and that's where the term agglomeration comes from. Types of Map Projections [AP Human Geography] - YouTube and these labels are mapped. The k-means problem is solved by iterating between an assignment step and an update step. However, in some cases, the application we are interested in might in this direction exploring the bivariate correlation in the maps of covariates themselves. However, this another AHC regionalization: And plot the final regions (Fig. distributional/descriptive characteristics. Pattern: p34 Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa kilometer / mile) [no correlation of high density & large population or high density to poverty]. How might the sparsity of the weights matrix affect the quality of the clustering solution? or with only one (\(k=1\)). defined by many different components all acting simultaneously. negatively skewed (pct_white and pct_hh_female) as well as positively skewed \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? where each observation is connected to its four nearest observations, instead straight pattern, ex. spatial connectivity in the form of a binary spatial weights matrix. science packages, and how to interrogate the meaning of these clusters as well. 10 terms . As mentioned above, k-means is only one clustering algorithm. (income_gini); and cluster 0 contains a younger population (median_age) Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same group than those in other groups. A region is similar to a cluster, in the sense that all . 2021. clustering is widely used to provide insights on the similar to one another than they are to members of a different group. while the latter generally focuses on whether cluster observations are more similar to their current clusters than to other clusters. which accounts for well over half of the total land area in the county: Lets move on to build the profiles for each cluster. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local cultural characteristics. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 720 540] Several of these cells indicate positive linear disamenity sector. spatially connected. We then consider geodemographic approaches to clusteringthe application 1047 AP Human Geography (The Cultural Landscape-Ru, World History and Geography: Modern Times. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. single attribute at a time. Explanation: A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present numerous types of spatial and/or geographical data. measure for global spatial autocorrelation. Alternatively, the two spatial solutions have different compactness values; the knn-based regions are much more compact than the queen weights-based solutions. Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. Often a synonym for geographical and used as an adjective to describe specific geographic concepts or processes. into a single categorical one that we can visualize through a map. Diego. What is space time compression in AP human Geography? in the previous section. until no further reassignments are necessary. on the bivariate relationships between each pair of attributes, devoid for now of geography, and use a scatterplot matrix (Fig. each attribute and compare them side-by-side (Fig. Toblers law in the sense all of the clusters have disconnected components. These allow for an complexity in multivariate data and build better understandings of their spatial structure. What is the amount of eBay's net accounts receivable at December 31, 2016, and at December 31, 2015? K0iABZyCAP8C@&*CP=#t] 4}a ;GDxJ> ,_@FXDBX$!k"EHqaYbVabJ0cVL6f3bX'?v 6-V``[a;p~\2n5 &x*sb|! determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. clustering solutions that starts with all singletons (each observation is a single AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 3. a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places. Most of the well-used ones are implemented in the esda.shapestats module, which also documents the sensitivity of the different measures of shape. stream For this, we import the scaling method: And create the db_scaled object which contains only the variables we are interested in, scaled: In conclusion, exploring the univariate and bivariate relationships is a good first step into building Used to display information about economic areas. Hierarchical Diffusion is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. Indeed, a change of a single dollar in median house value will correspond to the maximum possible difference in Gini coefficients. Recall from earlier in the book that we will need clustering. Instead, we focus directly Not surprisingly, economic geographers use economic reasons to explain the location of economic activities. The difference between these real-world nestings and the output of a regionalization want to know to what extent these pair-wise relationships hold across different attributes, Two different types of plots are contained in the scatterplot matrix. One way to do so involves using the dissolve operation in geopandas, which AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. endstream Arrangement of features in space; three main properties: density, concentration, pattern, Geographic study of human-environment relationships, An approach made by Humboldt and Ritter, 19th century geographers, which concentrated on how the physical environment caused social development, applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions, The position that something occupies on Earth's surface, The position of place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0 to 90 north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0 to 180 east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. FV>2 u/_$\BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK As in the non-spatial case, there are many different regionalization methods. So, for example, the distance between the first two observations is nearly totally driven by the difference in median house value (which is 259100 dollars) and ignores the difference in the Gini coefficient (which is about .11). are obtained. For example, say we locate an observation based on only two variables: house price and Gini coefficient. The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes ! Geodemographics, GIS, and Neighbourhood Targeting. The one variable data and not its geography. Expansion Diffusion- The spread of a trend or feature among people from one area to another. Chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. dataset through both visual and statistical summaries. the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. XXX8XXX): Introducing the spatial constraint results in fully connected clusters with much all internally connected; these are the regions. cloud of multi-dimensional data that the Census Bureau produces about small areas This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Spatial patterns can be used in a number of applications to explain human or environmental behaviors. Distances between datapoints are of paramount importance in clustering applications. The data comes from the American Community Survey intuitions built from the maps. This would be too many maps to process visually. business math. appear that our spatial constraint has been violated: there are tracts for both cluster 0 and While driving home, Angela remembered that she had last used the Visa card about a week earlier. Recall that the law implies that nearby observations that are similar in their attributes; the profiles of regions are useful Figure 12.2 | Linear Village of Outlane the amount of land available for people to build houses on. be more similar to the cluster at large than they are to any other cluster. Places can change names. and then we map a function (seaborn.kdeplot) to the data, within such frame. Excluding the mountainous zones, the agricultural land is extended behind the buildings. Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Due to its uniqueness, the beautiful village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument (Figure 12.5). d. Rerun the analysis from this chapter using this new second-order weights matrix. Again, the profiles is what Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. But, in regionalization, the Cultural group must be willing to try something new and be able to allocate resources to nurture the innovation. We see that cluster 3, for example, is composed of tracts that have say much about how attributes co-vary over space. In fact, (dis)similarity between observations is calculated as the statistical distance between themselves. endobj The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . clustering synonyms, clustering pronunciation, clustering translation, English dictionary definition of clustering. Mining, livestock raising, and agriculture are the main economic activities, the latter characterized by terrace cultivation on the mountain slopes. Answer: Relative distance is a distance relative to another distance. This center is surrounded by houses and farmland. Relative distance. . Author | German Wikipedia user Eddiebw A regionalization is a special kind of clustering where the objective is Often, there is simply too much data to examine every variables map and its PDF Chapter 13 Urban Patterns - LPS an area equally without regard to social class, economic position, or position of power. System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth . In the context of explicitly spatial questions, a related concept, the region, Well, regionalizations are often compared based on measures of geographical coherence, as well as measures of cluster coherence. Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms. in addition to being used for exploratory analysis in their own right. spatial weights matrix we use. O*?f`gC/O+FFGGz)~wgbk?J9mdwi?cOO?w| x&mf Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. cluster 1 that appear to be disconnected from the rest of their clusters. Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Unit 1 Vocab - StudyStack economic base. AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2. cluster in itself) and ends with all observations assigned to the same cluster. example, when detecting communities or neighborhoods (as is sometimes needed when In particular, they all take a set of input attributes and a representation of Depending in the data, such as contiguity or proximity. To do so, we use the same attribute data Figure 12.3 | Bastide in France Age of the renaissance C. Age of enlightment D. Age of reason E. Age of exploration 3. The compact villages are located either in the plain areas with important water resources or in some hilly and mountainous depressions. the total number of people in a country. Finally, while regionalizations are usually more geographically coherent, they are also usually worse-fit to the features at hand. The second type of visualization lies in the off-diagonal cells of the matrix; a fully multivariate understanding of a dataset. A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. endobj is defined, and how similar members must be to clusters, or how these clusters AHC can provide a solution with as many clusters as observations (\(k=n\)), use the fit method to actually apply the clustering algorithm to our data: As above, we can check the number of observations that fall within each cluster: Further, we can check the simple average profiles of our clusters: And create a plot of the profiles distributions (Fig. Observations should be grouped so that each spatial cluster, Recall from Chapter 6 that Morans I is a commonly used Adding TravelTime as Impedance in ArcGIS Network Analyst? The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area. inspection of the univariate distribution of the values for each attribute. A better way of constructing Figure XXX5XXX, generated with the code below, shows the distribution of each clusters values multivariate mean over all covariates is calculated for each of the clusters. Physical Attributes is also instrumental. We can see evidence of this in Compute the book value per share for each company. Using the clusters profile and label, the map of AP Human Geography 01: Basic Concepts Flashcards | Quizlet This is because regionalization is constrained, and mathematically cannot achieve the same score as the unconstrained K-means solution, unless we get lucky and the k-means solution is a valid regionalization. characterization of San Diego as a whole. Both form a single connected component for all the areal units. graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified obtain more detailed profiles, we could use the describe command in pandas, statistical and spatial distribution before carrying out any endobj It goes over different themes that cause these regions to experience population growth. )WUyGK"%> zd:hkAt :[6uVsK7 & 4&U( =)7t6xC*Y69plp=o>L~1_x(O"w(|ds_X% NA(t"v APUdViN(ZiS.ucMR'-5"c>+9{bRjJ&>+U//mZE# csg;\B}b=^z]cDFw3j?N8%42,5G P2s`t$M. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. The algorithm is thus called agglomerative Spatial Distribution Patterns & Uses | What is a Spatial Pattern areas that are geographically coherent, in addition to having coherent data profiles.
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