Decreased Expression of Both the 1- and 2-subunits of the Na-K-ATPase Reduces Maximal Alveolar Epithelial Fluid Clearance. (2020). doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. However, clinical evidence showing that glucocorticoids can reduce pulmonary edema by regulating fluid absorption in alveolar and glucocorticoids is missing. eCollection 2023. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. It has been reported that transepithelial ion transport in alveolar monolayers can be activated by K+ channel openers in vitro under physiological conditions (Leroy et al., 2006). Moreover, the peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte of COVID-19 patients was also greatly improved, from 0.91 0.54 to 1.24 0.67 after being treated for a week, while there was no obvious change in control group (Hu et al., 2020). (2011). Potential drugs for normalizing humoral metabolism. (2002). Large Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Sense Acute Changes in Oxygen Tension in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. (2020). TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038, Keywords: COVID-19, pulmonary edema, abnormal lung humoral metabolism, syndrome coronavirus 2, drug, traditional Chinese medicine, Citation: Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E and Ma H (2021) Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. Physiol. However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. (2016). the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. Annu. COVID-19 can cause lung complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS . Here, we describe molecular mechanisms of PFC and propose that proteins functioning in this process might serve as an underappreciated, but yet promising targets for reducing lung edema in severe COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.002, Bardou, O., Priv, A., Migneault, F., Roy-Camille, K., Dagenais, A., Berthiaume, Y., et al. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (2020). TABLE 3. Am. Systemic Reactions. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. Certain vaccine-preventable diseases can also increase swelling of your airways and lungs. J. Biol. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. Sci. Biochem. Res. doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20029975, Yin, J., Hoffmann, J., Kaestle, S. M., Neye, N., Wang, L., Baeurle, J., et al. SSRN. The Study on the Treatment of Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) in Adults with Severe or Critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the Inhibitory Effect of XBJ against SARS-CoV-2. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). Circulation 96 (6), 18471852. Structural Basis for the Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by Full-Length Human ACE2. Direct Vascular Effects of Furosemide in Humans. Circ. 308 (7), L628L638. Pharmacol. Thus, PGs play a key role in the formation of pulmonary edema. 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. Neurobiol. Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . COVID Vaccine Side Effects | Johns Hopkins Medicine 183 (1), G9G15. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775, Rogosnitzky, M., Okediji, P., and Koman, I. Studies have shown that MCTR1 (Han et al., 2020), PCTR1 (Zhang et al., 2020) and protectin DX (Zhuo et al., 2018), endogenously produced lipid mediators, can effectively improve PFC, ameliorate morphological damage, reduce lung inflammation, and increase sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase expression and activity in vivo and in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS rats model. J. Pharmacol. Disclaimer. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). Physiol. JAMA 249 (2), 237241. (2020b). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20, Nayler, W., and Dillon, J. Sci. Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. These supportive approaches have been shown to be beneficial as adjuvant therapies in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. China Life Sci. Med. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). Physiol. Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation. Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. J. Nat. Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. Lancet Respir. Pharmacol. Int. (2021). (2020a). HA is a polysaccharide existing in most connective tissues which can trap approximately 1,000 times its weight in water and form hydrogel. Raising evidences suggest that the effect of kinins on bradykinin receptor triggers the inflammatory responses, which have been observed in patients with COVID-19. (2020b). SN Compr. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. (2012). 7 (4). (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. eCollection 2021. Pharmacol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Causes Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. Notably, both vaccines have strong safety profiles, with the most common adverse events including injection site reactions, fever, chills, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint aches. Serum sodium shows a decrease trend in CODIV-19 development (Krolicka et al., 2020). Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. annals 99 (1), 1216. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform Sci. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. It's normal to experience side effects after a vaccine. (2020). 57 (3), 262265. Antiviral Res. 8 (4), 420422. 274 (18), 1243112437. Among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, little attention has been paid to abnormal lung humoral metabolism. Improving the blood circulation can advance the oxygen supply for organs, accelerate the absorption of fluid and eventually improve pulmonary edema. 2022 Dec;134:102427. doi: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102427. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) - anatomic pathology perspective on current knowledge. Prc, N. H. C. o. t. (2020). S1 facilitates virus infection by binding to host receptors, and S2 regulates the membranes fusion to enable viral RNA entering into host cells for further replication. (2021). It has been observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9, two most crucial MMPs in the lung are over-expressed in pulmonary edema (Negrini et al., 1996; Negrini et al., 1998; Passi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMPs may become a potential target for pulmonary edema treatment. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. (2014). 289 (1), L104L110. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. Am. Pharmacol. Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. doi:10.2174/1874467211306010003, Gabazza, E. C., Kasper, M., Ohta, K., Keane, M., D'Alessandro-Gabazza, C., Fujimoto, H., et al. (2020). The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Nat. (2020a). After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. SARS-CoV-2 may act in a similar way. 117 (3), 773783. doi:10.1203/00006450-199908000-00014, Christ-Crain, M., Hoorn, E. J., Sherlock, M., Thompson, C. J., and Wass, J. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 155, 104743. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743, Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., et al. Chansu Injection Improves the Respiratory Function of Severe COVID-19 Patients. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance in LPSinduced Pulmonary Edema via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway. Maresin1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through the Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel Na,K-ATPase via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 Pathway. FOIA (2015). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. COVID-19 can cause blood clots, even months after diagnosis. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. (2019). Amiloride. Res. Immune-modulatory agents, supportive cares, and antiviral drugs have been tested as COVID-19 treatments in patients with severe infections (Pascarella et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. FIGURE 1. J. Physiol. When to. TRPs regulate their functions through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways and play an important role in complicated pulmonary pathophysiologic events, such as increased intracellular calcium levels, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cough reflex, blocked mucus clearance, epithelia integrity disruption, pulmonary edema, fibrosis and so on (De Logu et al., 2016). Front. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. 383, 23332344. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. The most commonly reported symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome include: Fatigue Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental effort Fever Lung (respiratory) symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath and cough Other possible symptoms include: Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. (2020). Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. Am. The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. HM designed the framework of the review. Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). Rhinovirus Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Channels in a Human Neuronal Cell Line: Implications for Respiratory Virus-Induced Cough Reflex Sensitivity. doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). 2020. Dis. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Proc. IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). These cytokine storms can be treated with steroids, IL-1 antagonists, TNF inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAK) inhibitors (McCreary and Pogue, 2020). doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. The Potential Chemical Structure of antiSARSCoV2 RNAdependent RNA Polymerase. Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 in Neutrophil Activation and Acute Lung Injury. J. Respir. 1480 (1), 73103. (2020b). 97 (5), 543554. Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic Res. ACIP reviews data. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. Chloride Transport-Driven Alveolar Fluid Secretion Is a Major Contributor to Cardiogenic Lung Edema. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. He had no cough, expectoration, nasal discharge or sore throat. (2020). When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. Since hypokalemia is a major issue in severe COVID-19 patients (Lippi et al., 2020), amiloride with its potassium-sparing diuretic activity (Bull and Laragh, 1968) can potentially be used to restore normal serum potassium concentrations (Maronde et al., 1983). (1997). (1999). Respir. Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). Med. 108 (6), 11851194. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.003, Solymosi, E. A., Kaestle-Gembardt, S. M., Vadasz, I., Wang, L., Neye, N., Chupin, C. J. -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.002, Chen, S.-y., Bhargava, A., Mastroberardino, L., Meijer, O. C., Wang, J., Buse, P., et al. Summary of potential natural compounds against COVID-19. Physiol. Some of these TCMs along with their constituent and antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 3. Virol. Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Pulmonary Edema by Upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 Expression in Rats with Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. Lung Cel Mol Physiol 282, L631L641. Pharmacol. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. 97 (18), 1028210287. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. The Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Determines Clinical Efficacy of Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients with COVID-19. Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. 274 (53), 3783437839. (2020a). Careers. Sci. Am. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. 2 (6), 387396.doi:10.1038/35077544, Connors, J. M., and Levy, J. H. (2020). 4 (159), 159ra148. 104, 81125. 382 (18), 17081720. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0962-y, Niu, F., Xu, X., Zhang, R., Sun, L., Gan, N., and Wang, A. Besides those direct causes of COVID-19 pulmonary edema, there are other factors that can be described as abnormal humoral metabolism which can influence the AFC and PFC, resulting the manifestation of pulmonary edema (Figure 3 Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema). Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Transl. doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. CFTR and NKCC inhibitors show promise in treating pulmonary edema. So far, only remdesivir was approved by FDA for the compassionate use in severe infected COVID-19 patients (Beigel et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. Authors 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. (2020). A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Preprint. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. J. Appl. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. Clin. Diagn Pathol. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the meantime, we urgently need potent reduction in fatality of COVID-19. Matrix Proteinases in Lung Biology. COVID-19: Long-term effects - Mayo Clinic Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. J. Med. Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). Inhalation or infusion of salbutamol, a 2-adrenergic agonist, reduced the incidences of pulmonary edema (Sartori et al., 2002) and was found to be beneficial in ARDS patients (Perkins et al., 2006). It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302421. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Cells 7 (8), 98. doi:10.3390/cells7080098, Stone, J. H., Frigault, M. J., Serling-Boyd, N. J., Fernandes, A. D., Harvey, L., Foulkes, A. S., et al. J. Infect. Immunol. (2000). It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection. Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. Some others will likely be approved soon (Kaur and Gupta, 2020; Thanh Le et al., 2020). 21, 97S107S. Med. The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). FIGURE 3. Acta (Bba) - Gen. As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). 10.5582/ddt.2020.03070 SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis. (2020). Zhou et al. Moreover, it has been revealed that exosomes derived from human adipocyte can inhibit TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and thus protect mice against ventilator-induced lung injury (Yu et al., 2020). Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. 282 (8), 55975607. Maresin Conjugates in Tissue Regeneration 1 Improves Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Upregulating Alveolar ENaC, Na, KATPase in Lipopolysaccharideinduced Acute Lung Injury. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). Upregulation of Alveolar Epithelial Active Na + Transport Is Dependent on 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. 64 (15), 20062012. (2021). doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1847. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. Glucocorticoid-stimulated Lung Epithelial Na(+) Transport Is Associated with Regulated ENaC and Sgk1 Expression. Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. COVID19 Diagnosis and Management: a Comprehensive Review. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.009, Zhuo, X.-J., Hao, Y., Cao, F., Yan, S.-F., Li, H., Wang, Q., et al. Annu. The Liu Shen capsule, of which pharmacodynamic component is also toad venom, was shown to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, as it can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, reduce inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA levels and suppress the NF-B signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of cytokines (Ma et al., 2020a). 276 (22), 1865718664. (2012). medRxiv.doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.20107607, Hu, K., Guan, W.-j., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., et al. Currently, these manifestations are considered to be only consequences of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Would you like email updates of new search results? Allergy Clin. Acad. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. Heart Circ. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.h2000, Negrini, D., Passi, A., and Moriondo, A. 181 (1), 5361. doi:10.1002/jmv.25848, Cutts, S., Talboys, R., Paspula, C., Prempeh, E., Fanous, R., and Ail, D. (2017). COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. LipoxinA4 Attenuates Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury by Regulating AQP-5 and MMP-9 Expression, Anti-apoptosis and PKC/SSeCKS-mediated F-Actin Activation. The available adenoviral vaccines appear to stimulate autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which . 34, 101658. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658. Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. Biophys. eCollection 2021. Science 367 (6483), 12601263. EM did the language polishing. Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy.
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